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uzvhrVQ, 27 i[bkJh L wjkokik dbhg f;zx dh dodBke fIzdrh pko/ ;z;ko Go d/ eJh w[beK ftu tZvh uouk dk e/Ado pDh jkbht[Zv fcbw d/ gq'fvT{;o i;ihs f;zx B{z T[whd BjhA ;h fe ‘pb?e fgqz;* fcbw B{z iBsk tZb'A fJzBk tZvk s/ GotK j[zrkok fwb/rk ns/ b'e ns/ ftP/P eoe/ B"itkBK nzdo fJ; fcbw B{z t/yD bJh fJzBk ukn, T[sPkj ns/ i'P g?dk j' ikt/rk.
e?bhc'oBhnk ;fEs cohwKN fJbke/ ftu nkgD/ xo s'A N?bhc'B *s/ ftP/P fJzNoftT{ fdzfdnK fJ; fcbw d/ o{j^J/^otK i;ihs f;zx B/ dZf;nk fe ;kB{z fJj sK T[whd Io{o ;h fe ‘pb?e fgqz;* fcbw B{z fJe uzrh fcbw eoko fdZsk ikt/rk go fJj T[whd fpbe[b jh BjhA ;h fe b'e fe;/ Xkofwe fcbw tKr gfotkoK ;w/s fcbw B{z t/yD bJh fJ; jZd sZe T[sktb/ j' ikDr/. id'A w?A g[ZfSnk fe fJ; fcbw B{z fJzBk tZvk j[zrkok fwbD fgS/ eh ekoB j' ;edk j?, sK i;ihs f;zx B/ fw;kb fdZsh fe fit/A fpibh d/ ub/ ikD s'A fgS'A b'eK ftu nukBe T[dk;h dk wkj"b g?dk j' iKdk j?,
go id'A E'VQ/ fuo fgS'A fpibh nk iKdh j? sK y[Ph dh fJe bfjo d"V iKdh j?. fpibh ub/ ikD dh xNBk B{z T[BQK B/ f;Zy oki d/ ysw j'D Bkb s[bBk ehsh, i' T[dk;hnK dk fJe d"o ;h s/ fpibh tkg; nkT[D dh xNBk B{z T[BQK B/ pb?e fgqz; fcbw Bkb i'V fdZsk fit/A fJj fcbw f;Zy oki dh w[V pjkbh dk n?bkB eo ojh j't/. T[BQK fejk fe fJzM bZrdk j? fit/A fcbw B/ 168 ;kb dk ck;bk s?n eoe/ f;ZyK nzdo nkgD/ oki B{z w[V pjkb eoB dh fJe swzBk irk fdZsh j?. i;ihs f;zx w[skpe f;ZyK B{z 1849 ftu oki Gkr y[; ikD fgS'A wjkokik dbhg f;zx dk fJzrb?Av s'A gzikp ftu nkT[D dk ;zxoP ns/ n;cbsk ns/ T[; dh p/p;h dk dod ns/ poskBth j[ewokBk tZb'A f;ZyK Bkb ehsh rJh p/fJB;kch dk gsk jh BjhA ;h ns/ BthA ghVQh B{z sK fJ; y[Z;/ oki pko/ X[zdbh fijh ikDekoh th BjhA. T[BQK fejk fe n;hA pb?e fgqz; fcbw okjhA T[; PkBkws/ ;zxoP B{z ftykfJnk j? ns/ ;kvk fJj dkntk T[~ek jh BjhA fe fJj fcbw nkgD/ nkg ftu ;zg{oB ns/ w[ezwb j? go ;kB{z fJj ikD e/ j?okBh s/ y[Ph j? fe ;kv/ fJ; gfjb/ :sB B{z e"w tZb'A GotK j[zrkok fwfbnk. n;hA fJj T[whd eod/ jK fe fJ; s'A pknd pDB tkbhnK fcbwK fJzB/ T[u/ fwnko dhnK j'DrhnK fe b'e f;Zy^ebk *s/ wkD efonk eoBr/.
fJj g[ZS/ ikD *s/ fe fgSb/ fszB^uko fdBK ftu fezB/ b'eK B/ fJ; fcbw B{z t/y fbnk j? ns/ ;G s'A tZX fe; d/P B/ GotK j[zrkok fdZsk j?, i;ihs f;zx dk efjDk ;h fe ;G s'A tZX frDsh dh fw;kb sK Gkos dh jh j?. T[BQK fejk fe ni/ sZe w[ezwb nzdkIk sK n;hA BjhA bk ;e/ fe fezB/ b'eK B/ fJj fcbw d/y bJh j? go fJe w'N/ nB[wkB nB[;ko 3 bZy s'A tZX b'e fJj fcbw d/y u[Ze/ jB. T[BQK fJj th dZf;nk fe Gkos s'A tZX fiBQK d/PK B/ fJ; fcbw B{z GotK j[zrkok fdZsk j?, T[BQK ftu eqwtko e?B/vk, nk;Nq/bhnk, fJzrb?Av, nwohek ns/ fBT{Ihb?Av Pkwb jB. T[BQK B/ nk;Nq/bhnk dk ftP/P fIeo ehsk fiE/ tZvh frDsh ftu b'e fcbw t/yD nk oj/ jB.
fJj g[ZS/ ikD *s/ fe fcbw dh o/fNzr noEks fcbw dk fwnko fe; soQK dk j?, T[BQK fejk fe fcbw dk fwnko fJe sK nkb'ue s?n eod/ jB ns/ d{ik c?;bk doPeK B/ eoBk j[zdk j?. i;ihs f;zx B/ dZf;nk fe nZr'A nkb'ue th d' soQK d/ j[zd/ jB. fJe nkb'ue sK T[j j[zd/ jB, fiBQK B{z pekfJdk tZvhnK ;z;EktK tZb'A wkBsk fwbh j[zdh j? ns/ T[j fBogZy j' e/ fcbwK dh nkb'uBk eod/ jB ns/ d{i/ fJj' fij/ th j[zd/ jB, fiE/ g?;k, f;ckoP ns/ f;nk;s gqw[Zy o'b ndk eodh j?. fco th e?B/vk d/ ;hHNhHthH, ;hHphHn?;H o/vhU, nk;Nq/bhnB ns/ rkovhnB B/ pb?e fgqz; fcbw B{z gzi ftu'A fszB ;Nko fdZs/ jB, i' nkgD/ nkg ftu pj[s tZvh gqkgsh j?. pj[s uzrhnK fcbwK B{z jh
fJ; soQK dh o/fNzr jk;b j[zdh j?. T[BQK fejk fe NkJhwI nkc fJzvhnk nypko B/ th fszB ;Nko fdZs/ jB. idfe YkJh ;Nko bk; n?Ai;b; NkJhwI tZb'A fdZs/ rJ/ jB. i;ihs f;zx B/ nkJhHn?wHvhH;hH ;z;Ek dk fIeo eofdnK fejk fe fJ; ;z;Ek dh d[BhnK Go ftu wkBsk j? ns/ fJj b'eK dhnK t'NK d/ nkXko *s/ fcbw n?eNoK dh o/fNzr eodh j?. fJ; ;z;Ek ftu d[Bhnk Go d/ n?eNo Pkwb j[zd/ jB. T[BQK fejk fe y[Ph tkbh rZb fJj j? fe ;fszdo ;oski B{z fJ; ;z;Ek B/ 10 ftu'A 8 Bzpo fdZs/ jB. fJe j'o ;z;Ek okNB NwkN'I B/ doPeK dhnK t'NK d/ nkXko *s/ fcbw B{z 94 ch;dh Bzpo fdZs/ jB, i' fe j?okBiBe gqkgsh j?.
i;ihs f;zx B/ dZf;nk fe fcbw nkb'ue pj[s ;kohnK rZbK dk fynkb oZyd/ jB. gfjbK d' xzN/ 40 fwzN dh fcbw T[Zx/ ftPb/PeK B{z G/ih rJh ;h. T[BQK B/ fJ; ftu'A pj[s ;kohnK uhIK eZN fdZshnK ns/ ;[Mkn fdZsk fe fcbw B{z f;oc fJe' Ehw *s/ c'e; ehsk ikt/. T[BQK fejk fe ;kvk Ehw nkIkdh dk Ehw ;h, fJ; eoe/ ;kB{z pj[s ;ko/ fdqP eZND bJh wip{o j'Dk fgnk. T[BQK fejk fe f;Zy e"w d/ Xkofwe iIfpnK B{z fXnkB ftu oZyfdnK ;kB{z eJh j'o fdqP th eZND/ gJ/. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ nzro/IK B/ wjkokik dbhg f;zx B{z fIzdrh d/ P[o{nks ftu n?P gq;sh d/ wkj"b ftu XZe fdZsk, fiE/ T[j f;roNK th ghAdk ;h. n;hA T[j ;ko/ fdqP eZN fdZs/. fJ; s'A fJbktk j'o th fdqP eZND/ gJ/, fiBQK Bkb ;kvh e"w BkokI j' ;edh ;h. id'A fcbw dk b'eK *s/ gJ/ n;o pko/ g[ZfSnk frnk sK i;ihs f;zx dk efjDk ;h fe c/;p[Ze *s/ sK fJj fcbw ;G s'A tZX uouk dk e/Ado pDh j'Jh j? idfe N?bhc'B fdB^oks yVed/ ofjzd/ jB. fJzBhnK fInkdk ekbK dk itkp d/Dk th w[Pfeb j' frnk j?. id'A w?A i;ihs f;zx Bkb fJzNoftT{ eo fojk ;K, sK T[; ;w/A nwohek d/ ;w/A w[skpe oks dk 1L00 tik j'fJnk ;h ns/ N?bhc'BK dk f;bf;bk ikoh ;h. id'A i;ihs f;zx B{z fJj g[ZfSnk frnk fe gzikph ebkekoK tZb'A fcbw pko/ G/s Goh ykw'Ph nyfsnko eoB dk n;b ekoB eh j?, sK i;ihs f;zx B/ itkp fdZsk fe ebkekoK d/ th eJh ro[Zg pD/ j'J/ jB, idfe ;fszdo ;oski fe;/ th ro[Zg dk fjZ;k BjhA j? go ;fszdo ;oski B{z T[; d/ ;woEeK tZb'A p/fw;kb j[zrkok ns/ gqPz;k fwb ojh j?.
fJ; fcbw B/ ftd/PK ftu T[BQK gfotkoK d/ pZfunK ftu th tZvh spdhbh fbnKdh j?, i' pkjob/ w[beK dh c?PBgq;s s/ sVe^cVe tkbh soI^J/^fIzdrh s'A gqGkfts j' e/ nkgD/ fto;/ B{z G[Zb jh BjhA ;B rJ/, ;r'A wkfgnK ns/ pZfunK dofwnkB brksko fJe sBkU tkbh jkbs pD rJh ;h. fJ; fcbw B/ i;ihs f;zx w[skpe BthA ghVQh B{z nkgD/ fto;/ dh :kd jh BjhA eotkJh ;r'A
fdbu;g rZb fJj j? fe T[j nkgD/ fto;/ B{z ikBD bJh fJzNoB?N *s/ ns/ r{rb s'A nkgD/ fJfsjk; pko/ ikDekoh jk;b eo oj/ jB. pj[s ;ko/ pZfunK dh wzr *s/ f;Zy fJfsjk; ns/ r[opkDh Bkb i[VhnK g[;seK d/ gqekPeK B{z nkovo fwb oj/ jB. i;ihs f;zx w[skpe fJe gfotko B/ T[BQK B{z N?bhc'B *s/ dZf;nk fe ;kv/ xo ftu S'N/ pZu/, dkd/^dkdhnK e'b'A p?m e/ f;Zy fJfsjk; dh ikDekoh jk;b eoB bJh ftP/P fdbu;gh b? oj/ ;B, idfe gfjbK xo ftu fJ; soQK dk ed/ th e'Jh wkj"b BjhA ;h.
T[BQK dZf;nk fe Pq'wDh nekbh db d/ gqXkB ;[ypho f;zx pkdb ns/ nekbh db d/ tZv/ B/sktK ns/ fdZbh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh d/ T[u nfXekohnK B/ th fgSb/ fdBhA fJj fcbw t/yh ns/ ;[ypho pkdb B/ ;fszdo ;oski B{z fcbw d/ ubd/ ;w/A ftu jh N?bhc'B eoe/ tXkJh fdZsh ns/ fejk fe T[j S/sh jh tZy^tZy ;z;EktK Bkb ;zgoe eoe/ fJ; fcbw B{z ftykT[D dh f;ckoP eoBr/. gsk bZrk j? fe fJ; ;pzX ftu fJe d' fdBK ftu gkoNh tZb'A ftP/P fpnkB th ikoh ehsk ik fojk j?. fJE/ fJj u/s/ eokfJnk iKdk j? fe i;ihs f;zx y/vK ftu fdbu;gh oZyd/ jB ns/ T[j fJe ;w/A Gkos d/ T[x/ s?oke ;B, fiBQK B/ J/PhnB y/vK ftu th fjZ;k fbnk ;h. T[j e?bhc'oBhnk s'A fBebd/ nzfwqs;o NkJhwI d/ th wkbe jB.