Appeal to Sikh Youth Worldwide | Implement Amritsar Declaration

e"D ;B nzfwqs;o n?bkBBkw/ d/ fBowksk<ftuko N"jVk ;kfjp dk, pfj; gzi w?Apoh ew/Nh B/ ehsh, Ppdktbh vkH r[oGrs f;zx dh

eowihs f;zx, uzvhrVQ

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uzvhrVQL^ fgSb/ e[M fdBK s'A ‘nzfwqs;o n?bkBBkw/* pko/ f;Zy nkr{nK d/ fJj' fij/ fpnkB nk oj/ jB, i' X[zdbh fe;w d/ jB ns/ fJZe soQK Bkb n;gPNsk B{z jh ;gPN eod/ jB. f;Zy nkr{nK tZb'A ;zrsK B{z rz[wokj eoB d/ T[d/P Bkb fJ; fJfsjk;e d;skt/I dh nkg'^nkgD/ sohe/ Bkb ftnkfynk ehsh ik ojh j?.

fJj ‘nzfwqs;o n?bkBBkwk* eh j?, fJj fet/A ti{d ftZu nkfJnk, fJ; dh Ppdktbh fe; B/ fsnko ehsh, fJ; fBt/ebh d;skt/I d/ fgS'eV ftZu gzEe jkbks T[; ;w/A fej' fij/ ;B, fJ; d;skt/I dk fJfsjk; ftZu eh ;EkB j't/rk^fJj ;ko/ fdbu;g, go nfs nfjw ;tkb ns/ fJBQK d/ itkp nZi fJ; bJh d/D/ Io{oh pDd/ jB, feT[Afe fJBQK ;soK dk b/ye T[; gzi w?Apoh ew/Nh ftZu Pkwb ;h, fi; ftZu ‘nzfwqs;o n?bkBBkw/* B{z fsnko eoB s'A gfjbK fJZe ;[ykt/A, y[ZbQ/ v[ZbQ/, go rowk row wkj"b ftZu g{oh fJZe oks bzwk u"VQk ftuko tNKdok j'fJnk ;h. fJZE/ w?A fJj th :kd eotkT[D dh b'V ;wMdk jK fe fJj n?bkBBkwk ‘gzEe d;skt/I* BK dh g[;se ftZu fNZgDh ;w/s, g{o/ dk g{ok fdZsk j'fJnk j?. fJ; g[;se dh ;zgkdBk ;KM/ s"o *s/ w?A ns/ GkJh BokfJD f;zx u"ok B/ ehsh j?, idfe f;Zy jZeK bJh i{M oj/ GkJh BokfJD f;zx u"ok fJ; ;w/A nzfwqs;o i/bQ ftZu BIopzd jB.

gzi w?Apoh ew/Nh ftZu w/o/ ;w/s, pkeh fijV/ ;ko/ tho Pkwb ;B, T[BQK ftZu gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh ftZu okiBhsh ftGkr d/ gq'c?;o vkH e/jo f;zx, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp nfXn?B ftGkr d/ ;kpek w[yh vkH pbeko f;zx, nzro/Ih ftGkr d/ ;kpek w[yh vkH r[oGrs f;zx ns/ wB[Zyh nfXekoK d/ nkr{ ;H i;gkb f;zx fYZb'A Pkwb ;B.

gfjbh wJh, 1994 B{z nekb syas ;kfjp s'A ikoh j'J/ ‘nzfwqs;o n?bkBBkw/* dk ftuko n;b ftZu ;H r[ouoB f;zx N"jVk dh d/D ;h. T[BQK fdBK ftZu fijVhnK oki;h gkoNhnK e"w B{z e'Jh nrbk okiBhse gq'rokw d/D pko/ nekb syas ;kfjp *s/ ftukoK eo ojhnK ;B, T[BQK ftZu nkg' nkgDh gkoNh dh B[wkfJzdrh eoB tkb/ nkr{nK ftZu e?gNB nwfozdo f;zx, ird/t f;zx sbtzvh, f;woBihs f;zx wkB, i;w/o f;zx pkbk, ;[oihs f;zx poBkbk ns/ GkJh wBihs f;zx Pkwb ;B. fJBQK ;GBK B/ fJ; n?bkBBkw/ *s/ pkekfJdk d;syas ehs/ ;B, go ;H goekP f;zx pkdb dh gkoNh fJ; ftuko tNKdo/ ns/ d;syasK s'A pkjo ;h. gq'H wBihs f;zx T[; ;w/A nekb syas d/ n?efNzr iE/dko ;B. T[BQK jh fdBK ftZu ;H r[ouoB f;zx N"jVk B/ fJZe fdB w?B{z fJeZb/ B{z fgzv N"jVk fty/ ;Zfdnk ns/ Go';/ ftZu b? e/ i' e[M fejk, T[; dk Gkt noE e[M fJ; soQK dk ;h^eowihs, w?A ukj[zdk jK fe fJZe nfijh d;skt/I fsnko j't/ i' nkBzdg[o ;kfjp ws/ s'A nZr/ tkbh e'Jh rZb eodh j't/, go ykfb;skB s'A osk xZN j't/, b/feB T[; ftZu fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftZu ykfb;skB dh y[Pp' dk nfj;k; th Pkwb j't/. w?B{z BjhA gsk fe T[BQK B/ ew/Nh d/ pkeh w?ApoK Bkb fJ; soQK dh rZb ehsh iK BjhA, fJ; pko/ Ujh dZ; ;ed/ jB. fJzM N"jVk ;kfjp B/ J/izv/ dh o{g o/yk eohp^eohp s?n eo fdZsh ;h ns/ fJ;/ x/o/ ftZu ofj e/ ftuko tNKdok j'Dk ;h.

;H r[ouoB f;zx N"jVk okiBhsh d/ w?dkB ftZu pj[s d{onzd/P, uso^ubke ns/ v{zx/ gkDhnK d/ s?oke ;B. fpBK PZe T[BQK ftZu tZvhnK ewI'ohnK th ;B, go fco th T[j f;Zyh f;XKsK d/ gfjo/dko ;B. go fJ; jehes s'A th fJBeko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk fe T[j edh^edh f;XKsK s'A bKG/ th ub/ iKd/ ;B. fJj T[BQK dhnK wip{ohnK ;B. T[j f;Zy fJfsjk; dhnK pkohe s'A pkohe szdK ns/ nfdZ; o[MkBK, owIK, skesK ns/ toskfonK B{z nfj;k; dh jZd sZe ;wMd/ ;h. fdbu;g rZb fJj j? fe T[j jo ;w/A fJfsjk; ftZu nkgDh G{fwek pko/ ;[u/s s/ ;ktXkB ofjzd/ ;B ns/ fJj rZb T[BQK dh wkBf;esk ftZu Pkwb ;h fe ‘fJfsjk; w?B{z fezM t/y/rk<* iK ‘t/y th ;e/rk<* f;Zy fJfsjk; dh w[Zy Xkok B{z nkgD/ jZe ftZu G[rskT[D bJh T[j okiBhsh B{z e[M fJ; soQK dh fdPk d/ fdzd/ ;B sK i' GftZy d/ fJfsjk;eko nkgD/ nkg jh T[BQK dh oDBhsh *s/ nkgDh w'jo bk d/D. ‘nzfwqs;o n?bkBBkwk* th fJfsjk; B{z nkgD/ jZe ftZu G[rskT[D dh T[BQK dh b[ethA ohM B{z jh ;keko eodk j?, jkbKfe fJj rZb tZyoh j? fe fJfsjk;ekoK B/ fJ; pko/ ni/ e'Jh fBoDk BjhA fbnk.

fJZe j'o fdbu;g B[esk w?A ;[Zsh j'Jh nkgDh e"w Bkb ;KMk eoBk ukj[zdk jK. T[j fJj ;h fe gzi w?Apoh ew/Nh ftZu Pkwb ftneshnK dh u'D jh T[BQK d/ fsZy/, s/I soko ns/ ioy/I okiBhse fdwkra dh dZ; gkT[Adh j?. T[BQK B{z gsk ;h fe ew/Nh ftZu Pkwb ;ZiD e"D jB, fe; soQK d/ ftuko oZy oj/ jB ns/ nkyao B{z pfj; d/ nzs *s/ fe;/ c?;bke[B xVh *s/ fe; EK *s/ yb'Dr/< T[j ikDd/ ;B fe T[BQK dhnK fJZSktK dk n?bkBBkwk i/ nekb syas *s/ ;op ;fjwsh Bkb gqtkB j' iKdk j? sK T[j f;Zy fJfsjk; dh fJZe nfijh gftZso d;skt/I pD ikt/rh, fi; s'A nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK bJh nkIkdh d/ nkgD/ ;zxoP B{z nZr/ s'oB ftZu gq/oBk ns/ T[sPkj jh BjhA fwb/rk, ;r'A nzsookPNoh y/so ftZu f;Zy e"w dh nkIkdh dh sKx B{z ;dkukoe ns/ ekB{zBh gqtkBrh th jk;b j' ikt/rh. T[BQK d/ X[o nzdo fJj ftuko th fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftZu uZb fojk ;h fe fJj' fijh d;skt/I fJ; bJh th nfjw pD/rh, feT[Afe fJ; s'A gfjbK nkBzdg[o ;kfjp dk wsk sK e/tb fJZe gkoNh dk jh wsk ;h, go f;ZyK dh ;otT[Zu ;z;Ek nekb syas ;kfjp d/ ftuko nXhB ed/ th BjhA ;h nkfJnk ns/ Bk jh ed/ T[; B{z nekb syas ;kfjp s'A gqtkBrh jk;b j'Jh ;h. N"jVk ;kfjp B{z wB dh fe;/ nfrnks B[Zeo ftZu fJ; rZb dh th ikDekoh ;h fe d;syas eoB tkfbnK nkr{nK ftZu'A pj[s/ S'N/ eZd d/ wkbe jB ns/ T[j nkg' nkgDhnK okiBhse roIK ns/ wip{ohnK ekoB jh fJeZm/ j'J/ jB ns/ nzs B{z w?dkB SZv e/ GZi ikDr/. j'fJnk th fJzM jh. d;syas eoB tkb/ nekbh nkr{ okiBhse jB/oh ftZu ;[Ze/ gZfsnK tKr fJZXo T[ZXo jh fyzv rJ/.

e?gNB nwfozdo f;zx Skb wko e/ eKro; ftZu ub/ rJ/. ;[oihs f;zx poBkbk B{z okigkb d/ nj[d/ B/ w'j fbnk. pZpo nekbh db d/ i;w/o f;zx pkbk r[o{ r'fpzd ekbi, uzvhrVQ dh gqpzXeh ew/Nh ftZu T[Zu/ nj[d/ s/ ;P'Gs j' rJ/, idfe ;zs eosko f;zx d/ g[Zso GkJh wBihs f;zx pkdb db ftZu Pkw j' rJ/. b'jg[oP nytkJ/ ikD tkb/ sbtzvh ;kfjp th ‘b'j/ tork fdb* oZyD dk gqshe Bk pD ;e/. fJ; n?bkBBkw/ dh rZb eoB dh fIzw/tkoh dk Gko f;woBihs f;zx wkB B{z jh u[ek fdZsk frnk. fiZE'A sZe f;woBihs f;zx wkB dk ;pzX j?, T[j sK gfjbK jh fJ; ws/ dh GktBk s'A nZr/ ik e/ ykfb;skB dh wzr eod/ nk oj/ ;B. fJ; bJh T[BQK tk;s/ fJj wsk ykfb;skB bJh fJZe gVkn ti'A ezw eodk ;h. t?;/ fJ; ws/ ftZu ykfb;skB dh e'Jh wzr BjhA ehsh rJh, ;r'A eBc?vob YKu/ dh wzr ehsh rJh ns/ eBc?vob YKuk Bk wzB/ ikD dh ;{os ftZu gqG{ ;zgzB f;Zy oki (ykfb;skB) dh wzr eoB pko/ wfjI fusktBh jh fdZsh rJh ;h. fJfsjk; B/ t/fynk fe fJ; d;skt/I B{z f;Zy e"w d/ iIfpnK dk fjZ;k pDkT[D ns/ fJZe ftPkb bfjo f;oiD bJh e'Jh nkr{ th w?dkB ftZu BjhA fBZsfonk. nekb syas ;kfjp d/ nrb/ iE/dkoK B/ fJ; n?bkBBkw/ B{z bkr{ eotkT[D pko/ ykw'Ph dk jh okj cfVnk ns/ Bk jh ykb;k gzE d/ uwB d/ fe;/ dhdkto nkr{ B/ w?dkB SZv e/ GZi/ T[es ftneshnK B{z itkpd/j pDkT[D bJh ed/ e'Jh w[fjzw S/VB dh fjzws ehsh. ftukoK d/ fJfsjk; dk fJj e/jk ftnzr ;h fe fJZe wBj{; ;t/o B{z ‘nzfwqs;o n?bkBBkw/* dk ftuko d/D tkb/ ;H r[ouoB f;zx N"jVk th ;H goekP f;zx pkdb Bkb ik fwb/. uzvhrVQ ftZu fJZe gq?Z; ekBcoz; fgZS'A w?A fJeZfbnK jh N"jVk ;kfjp B{z ftnzrwJh ;tkb ehsk, “gqXkB ih, eh pkdb ;kfjp Bkb s[jkvh J/esk j' rJh<@ T[BQK B/ w/o/ w'Y/ *s/ jZE oZfynk ns/ ‘nkca dh foekov* dh jdkfJs d/ e/ fJ; P/no Bkb w?B{z s;Zbh d/D dh e'fPP ehshL^

jw fwb/, fwb/, fwb/ Gh s' fenk fwb/

tjh d{ohnK, tjh ck;b/.

w?A fJZe tko w[V T[; nfjw B[es/ tZb nkT[Adk jK, fi; dk ;pzX ‘nzfwqs;o n?bkBBkw/* dh Ppdktbh Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. gzi w?Apoh ew/Nh dh whfNzr gfNnkbk ;fEs vkH pbeko f;zx d/ fBtk; ;EkB *s/ 29 ns/ 30 ng?qb

dh ftuekobh oks B{z j'Jh, fiZE/ ftukoK eofdnK^eofdnK ;t/o d/ 4 tZi rJ/, go fe;/ th ;KM/ yoV/ *s/ ;kvh e'Jh ;fjwsh Bk j' ;eh. nkyaoeko ws/ B{z fsnko eoB dh fIzw/tkoh vkH r[oGrs f;zx B{z ;"Ag fdZsh rJh. T[j nkgD/ xo ub/ rJ/, i' gfNnkbk fty/ jh ;h. 6 ti/ d/ eohp T[j wsk b? e/ tkg; nkJ/ ns/ T[BQK B/ gVQ e/ ;[DkfJnk. ;kv/ ftZu'A fJZe tho nkgDh ;fjwsh d/D pko/ iZe'seh ftZu ;h, idfe fJZe j'o fJ; ftZu sowhw eoB dk ;[Mkn d/ fojk ;h. w?B{z :kd j? fe T[; ;w/A vkH r[oGrs f;zx B/ fejk fe i/ fJ; ftZu e'Jh th spdhbh ehsh iKdh j? sK w?B{z T[; ftZu Pkwb Bk ;wfMnk ikt/. T[BQK d/ PpdK ftZu J/Bh fdqVQsk ns/ ;gPNsk ;h fe fJZe tko sK ;kv/ ;GBK ftZu u[Zg tos rJh. nkyaoeko T[BQK d/ ws/ *s/ ;op ;fjwsh j' rJh. fJj wsk nzro/Ih ftZu fbfynk j'fJnk ;h.

j[D nrbk ezw fJj ;h fe fJ; ws/ B{z nekb syas d/ iE/dko gq'H wBihs f;zx sZe g[Zidk ehsk ikt/, i' T[; ;w/A nzfwqs;o ftZu ;B. n;hA eko okjhA 30 ng?qb, 1994 B{z nzfwqs;o g[Zi/, fiZE/ ;kokrVQh r[od[nkok ;kfjp d/ BIdhe fJZe fJwkos ftZu f;zx ;kfjp mfjo/ j'J/ ;B. oks d/ eohp 10 tZi u[Ze/ ;B, id'A ;kvh w[bkeks gq'H wBihs f;zx Bkb j'Jh. id'A T[BQK B{z wsk gVQ e/ ;[DkT[D jh bZr/ ;h sK fpibh ub/ rJh ns/ w'wpZsh dh o"PBh ftZu fJj wsk ;[DkfJnk frnk. T[BQK B/ y[d th gfVQnk, go T[BQK B{z fJ; rZb dk ;z;k ;h fe fJj wsk PkfJd gqtkB BjhA ehsk ikt/rk. T[BQK B{z vo ;h fe e?gNB nwfozdo f;zx, ;[oihs f;zx poBkbk ns/ sbtzvh tor/ fJ; ws/ Bkb ;fjws BjhA j'Dr/. gq'H wBihs f;zx j'oK dh pkvh b?Ar{J/I s'A fJj gqGkt g?Adk ;h, fit/A T[j y[d th fJ; ws/ dh Ppdktbh pko/ ;" cah;d ;fjws BjhA ;h. go fco th T[BQK Go';k fdtkfJnk fe T[j fJ; ws/ *s/ ;fjwsh pDkT[D dh g{oh^g{oh tkj brkT[Dr/. fJ; ws/ dk f;ob/y ‘nzfwqs;o n?bkBBkwk* th T[BQK tZb'A jh fdZsk frnk. fJZE/ w?A u/s/ eotkT[Dk ukj[zdk jK fe Gkt/A gq'c?;o ;kfjp Bow ;[Gkn d/ wkbe jB ns/ fdqVQ fJokd/ Bkb e'Jh gZeh beho fyZuD s'A ne;o jh bKG/^bKG/ ofjzd/ jB, go fJ; ws/ *s/ ;fjwsh pDkT[D ftZu T[BQK dk o'b fJZe fJfsjk;e :kdrko pfDnk oj/rk.

fco fJZe w[Peb j'o nk rJh fe fJ; ws/ dk gzikph ftZu soiwk eoB bJh NkJhfgzr wPhB dk gqpzX fet/A ehsk ikt/< T[;/ oks B{z fJZe tho B/ i' fJ; ;w/A nwohek ftZu j?, NkJhfgzr wPhB dk gqpzX ehsk ns/ w'wpZshnK dh o"PBh ftZu vkH r[oGrs f;zx Bkb p?m e/ fJ; ws/ dk gzikph ftZu soiwk ehsk frnk ns/ fco gq'H wBihs f;zx j'oK B{z ;"Ag fdZsk frnk. y[cahnk J/iz;hnK B{z MekBh d/ e/ n;hA ;ko/ nkg' nkgD/ xoK B{z gos rJ/. nrb/ fdB d[gfjo fgZS'A ;kB{z yapo fwbh fe wsk gqtkB j' frnk j? ns/ ;GBK B/ T[; *s/ pkekfJdk d;syas th eo fdZs/ jB. fJj yapo ;Zuw[Zu jh j?okB eoB tkbh ;h ns/ ;kB{z :ehB jh BjhA ;h nkT[Adk, feT[Afe fJZe d{i/ fto[ZX NeokT[Ad/ ftukoK tkb/ f;Zy nkr{ fJZe nfij/ ws/ *s/ ;fjws j' rJ/ ;B, i' T[BQK d/ GftZy d/ okiBhse ihtB bJh w[PebK yVQhnK eo ;edk ;h ns/ fJj j[D eo th fojk j?.

;kv/ nkr{ ne;o jh pkjobhnK skesK *s/ d'P wVQd/ ofjzd/ jB fe T[j f;Zy gzE dh fBnkoh j;sh B{z popkd eoB *s/ bZr/ j'J/ jB ns/ fJzM efj e/ T[j poh j' iKd/ jB, go BjhA ikDd/ fe e"w d/ nzdo th s{cakB jB ns/ fJj' s{cakB ;G s'A yasoBke j[zd/ jB. iIfpnK s/ ftukoK dk e'Jh PkfJo T[BQK B{z fusktBh d/ fojk j?L^

“dfonk e/ sbks[w ;/ s' pu ;esh j? ePsh

ePsh w/A sbks[w j' s' ;kfjb BjhA fwbsk.@

y[ZbQ/ noEL^i/ dfonk ftZu s{cakB nk frnk j't/ sK fePsh ftZu p?m/ w[;kcaoK B{z pukJ/ ikD dh ;zGktBk pD ;edh j?, go i/ s{cakB fePsh d/ nzdo jh nk ikt/ sK w[;kcaoK B{z feBkok BjhA fwb ;edk.

eh nZi pkjob/ gkf;nK Bkb'A nzdo tkb/ gk;/ s{cakB tX/o/ skesto ns/ I'okto BjhA bZrdk<

gfjbh wJh, 1994 B{z nekb syas ;kfjp s'A ykb;k gzE bJh eBc?vob YKu/ dk okiBhfse fBPkBk fwZfEnk frnk j? i' ‘nzfwqs;o n?bkBBkw/* d/ f;ob/y j/m doi j?. go eBc?vo/PB dk eh ;zebg j?< fJ; dk YKuk fej' fijk j[zdk j?< fJ; ftZu skesK dh tzv fet/A ehsh iKdh j?< fJfsjk; ftZu fJj ;zebg tZy^tZy gVktK *s/ nwb ftZu eh Peb nyafsnko eodk fojk< w"i{dk jkbsK ftZu fejV/^fejV/ w[be ftZu ns/ fejVh^fejVh Peb ftZu eBc?vo/PB dk f;XKs nwbh o{g ftZu bkr{ j?< eBc?vo/PB ns/ gqG{;zgzB oki ftZu eh nzso j?< eBc?vo/PB s/ c?vo/PB ftZu eh coe j?< fJj ;ko/ tZv/ ;tkb fiZE/ rzGho pfj; dh wzr eod/ jB, T[ZE/ f;Zy ;z;EktK ns/ f;Zy nkr{nK dh tZvh fIzw/tkoh pDdh j? fe T[j nekb syas s'A ikoh j'J/ fJ; okiBhse fBPkB/ pko/ nkgDh ehwsh okJ/ nekb syas ;kfjp ftZu fbysh o{g *u doi eotkT[D.
18thA ;dh ftZu ykb;/ dh iZd'ifjd d"okB nekb syas ;kfjp *s/ tZy^tZy fw;bK dh ekor[Ikoh dk fj;kp feskp pkekfJdk oZfynk iKdk ;h, fi; B{z ‘fw;b* fejk iKdk ;h. pknd ftZu fJj' ‘fw;b* Ppd fJZe iE/pzdh dh Peb ftZu th gqrN j'fJnk ;h. 1800 JhH s'A fgZS'A fJj fj;kp^feskp nb'g j' frnk dZf;nk iKdk j?. nZi ;kvk ;GBK dk fJj ;dkukoe eosZt pDdk j? fe n;hA nekb syas d/ j[ew nB[;ko eBc?vo/PB d/ ;zebg B{z ftukoK d/ fJZe tZv/ f;b;b/ ftZu'A bzxkJhJ/ sK i' fJj f;XKs ykb;k gzE d/ p"fXe iIfpnK dk fjZ;k pD ikt/.
f;Zy nkr{nK dk o'b
nekb syas ;kfjp *s/ eBc?vob YKu/ dh rZb j'Jh B{z 20 ;kb phs rJ/ jB, go Bk sK ni/ sZe d;syas eoB tkb/ f;Zy nkr{nK B/ fJ; YKu/ d/ g?o bk e/ fJ; B{z nZr/ pfj; bJh s'fonk ns/ Bk jh nekb syas B{z Bsw;se j'D dk dkntk eoB tkbhnK doiBK ;z;EktK ns/ ftdtkBK B/ th fJ; okiBhse fBPkB/ B{z rzGhosk Bkb fbnk. ni/ th v[ZbQ/ p/oK dk e[M BjhA ftrfVnk. fJfsjk; dk fjZ;k pDh fJ; wjkB d;skt/I B{z ftuko tNKdo/ bJh ftnkge gZXo *s/ ;zrs ftZu fbnKdk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ ;pzXs ;z;EktK d/ fbysh ftuko bJ/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB. fijV/ eBc?vob YKu/ s'A nZr/ dh th rZb eoBk ukj[zd/ jB, T[j th eBc?vob YKu/ B{z oZd eoe/ jh nZr/ tX ;ed/ jB. fJ; pko/ T[BQK d/ ftukoK dh th b'V j?.
fJZE/ i' w?A eBc?vob YKu/ pko/ ftuko g/P eo fojk jK, T[j wfjI ikD gSkD sZe jh ;hws jB. eBc?vo/PB dh pj[^gosh B[jko ns/ fJ; d/ v{zx/ noEK pko/ ;kB{z rzGho ouBktK dh b'V j? ns/ f;Zy^gq;zr ftZu fJ; d;skt/I dh wjZssk ns/ wjkBsk pko/ fBZro ftukoK *s/ nkXkos fJZe w?Bhc?;N' th fsnko j'Dk ukjhdk j?. id sZe eBc?vo/PB dk f;XKs ;kvh b'V, ;kvh G[Zy ns/ ;kvh fgnk; BjhA pD iKdk ns/ id'A sZe n;hA fJ; r[zMbdko nwb ftZu'A bzxd/ BjhA, T[d'A sZe n;hA gqG{;zgzB f;Zy oki dh wzfIb sZe th BjhA gj[zu ;ed/. fJj mhe j? fe fJj' fijhnK fJfsjk;e fbysK pko/ ;kvh e"w d/ tZv/ fjZf;nK ftZu ykb;kJh^u/sBk dk ftek; s/ ftrk; BjhA j'fJnk ns/ fJZE'A sZe fe ;kv/ p[ZXhihth th r[opkDh d/ g?rakw w[skpe ni/ ;d^ikrs nt;Ek ftZu BjhA gj[zu/. fJ; bJh w"i{dk ;wK fJZe p"fXe^ca"i fsnko eoB dh wzr eodk j?. fJj' fijh ca"i d/ f;gkjh fJZe bzw/ nwb ftZu'A bzx e/ jh g{oh soQK f;Zfyns, ;zihdk, ;[fjod ns/ ;orow j' ;ed/ jB. i/ fJj' fij/ dkfBPto^f;gkjh, fiBQK dh Pya;hns ftZu'A r[opkDh s/ f;Zy fJfsjk; dh y[Pp' j't/ ns/ i/ T[BQK B/ fJ; r[zMbdko irs d/ fGzB^fGzB o[MkBK s/ toskfonK B{z nkgD/ nzdo oukfJnk s/ t;kfJnk j't/ sK e/tb Uj' jh ;kv/ fve' v'b/ yKdh p/Vh B{z feBko/ *s/ bk ;ed/ jB. jkb dh xVh ;kvh toswkB dkfBPto ghVQh dh wkBf;e s/ fi;wkBh jkbs ;kv/ ;fwnK d/ ;[ZxV f;nkD/ ns/ rzGho dkoPfBe b/ye s/ PkfJo jfozdo f;zx wfjp{p dhnK fJBQK ;soK ftZu'A bZGh ik ;edh j?L^
o[Zy j'J/ p/:ko, jtk p/dhB j?.
fes/ i/ ;Zu beho, (T[j) nfdZ;, wjhB j?.
eBc?vo/PB dh gfoGkPk
nfij/ w[beK iK okiK d/ fJeZm Bz{ iK okiBhse rZmi'V B{z i' g{oB s"o *s/ ;[szso j'D ns/ nkw eoe/ fe;/ ;zXh okjhA iK fe;/ T[d/P B{z b? e/ fe;/ e/Ado Bkb fBPfus J/esk ftZu pZM/ j'D sK nfijh ftt;Ek, gqpzX iK YKu/ B{z n;hA eBc?vo/PB dk BK d/ ;ed/ jK.
eBc?vo/PB d/ YKu/ dh g{oh ;wM sK jh nk ;edh j? i/eo ;kB{z c?vob YKu/ iK c?vo/PB pko/ ns/ gqG{;zgzB oki (;ktoB ;N/N) pko/ E'VQh pj[sh ikDekoh j't/. eBc?vo/PB dh rZb eofdnK ;kB{z fJj th gsk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe eJh jkbsK ftZu c?vob YKu/ B{z th eBc?vo/PB dk BK fdZsk iKdk j?, idfe eJh jkbsK ftZu eBc?vo/PB BK (Noun) BjhA, ;r'A wfjI fJZe fefonk iK (Process, Event) xNBk j?. n;b rZb fJj j? fe pdb ojhnK jkbsK w[skpe eBc?vo/PB s/ c?vo/PB dhnK jZdK ftueko r{VQh beho B{z fwNkfJnk ik fojk j? ns/ eJh w[beK (B/PB^;N/N;) B/ sK I'o ipo okjhA eBc?vo/PB d/ f;XKs B{z g/sbk s/ p/n;o th pDk e/ oZy fdZsk j?. 9$11 dh xNBk fgZS'A fJj o[MkB tZyo/ o{gK ftZu ;kjwD/ nk th oj/ jB.
eBc?vo/PB d/ YKu/ ftZu id'A ;pzXs oki (States) Pkwb j[zd/ jB sK T[j fJ; jZd sZe ;[szso j[zd/ jB fe T[j id'A ukj[D nkgDh woIh Bkb eBc?vo/PB ftZu'A tZy j' ;ed/ jB. fJzM T[BQK dh Pw{bhns ;t?^fJZSs jh j[zdh j?, :kBh T[BQK dh fJZSk w[skpe j[zdh j?. go c?vob YKu/ ftZu nfijk BjhA j' ;edk. c?vob YKu/ ftZu okiK B{z ;hws fijh y[d^w[yafsnkoh j[zdh j? ns/ fJj' fij/ YKu/ dk ;kok M[ekn e/Ado tZb jh j[zdk j?, idfe eBc?vob YKu/ ftZu e/Ado (iK c?vob) ;koh skes, ;koh Pesh ;[szso okiK e'b'A jh rqfjD eodk j?. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ i/eo nkBzdg[o ;kfjp ws/ B{z BhM Bkb t/fynk ikt/ sK fJ; ftZu f;Zy e/Ado s'A tZy j'D dk nfXeko BjhA oZyd/ ns/ Bk jh e/Ado fJ; rZb dh fJikIs d/ ;edk j?. go i/eo ws/ w[skpe uko wfjew/ e/Ado e'b ofjzd/ jB ns/ e/Ado fJ; ;fEsh B{z gqtkB eo b?Adk j? sK fJj YKuk fe;/ jZd sZe c?vob YKuk nytk ;edk j?. go i/eo f;ZyK dk okiBhse foPsk eBc?vob YKu/ ftZu s?n j[zdk j? sK f;Zy id'A th ukj[D sK T[d'A jh Gkos Bkb'A nbZr j' ;ed/ jB. go fJ; YKu/ ftZu th f;ZyK B{z eoz;h s/ oZfynk tor/ e[M nfXeko e/Ado d/ jtkb/ eoB/ g?Dr/, go ;tkb g?dk j[zdk j? fe eBc?vob YKu/ s/ gqG{;zgzB oki ftZu eh nzso j[zdk j?< fiZE'A sZe gqG{;zgzB (;ktoB ;N/N) oki dk ;pzX j?, T[j g{oB o{g ftZu ;[szso j[zdk j? ns/ T[j nkgD/ nzdo{Bh w;b/ y[d jZb eodk j? ns/ fJ; ftZu fe;/ th pkjob/ w[be iK skes dh dyabnzdkIh BjhA j' ;edh. ykb;k gzE ftZu fszB iE/pzdhnK^db ykb;k, nekbh db (gzu gqXkBh) ns/ nekbh db (nzfwqs;o) dk okiBhse fBPkBk gqG{;zgzB (ykfb;skB) dk jh j?. t?;/ gfjbhnK d' iE/pzdhnK ‘nzfwqs;o n?bkBBkw/* pko/ u[Zg jB, idfe nekbh db (nzfwqs;o) ‘nzfwqs;o n?bkBBkw/* B{z th ;theko eodk j?.
eBc?vo/PB s/ c?vo/PB ftZu p[fBnkdh caoe B{z yasw ehs/ ikD dh fJZe fdbu;g fw;kb ;kB{z nwohek ftZu'A fwbdh j?. nwohek (:{Hn?;HJ/H) d/ dZyDh fjZ;/ d/ 11 okiK B/ 1860^61 ftZu nkgD/ ;ko/ ;pzX nwohek Bkb'A s'V bJ/ ns/ fJZE/ tZyoh eBc?vo/PB pDk bJh. fJZE'A sZe fe T[BQK B/ v/t; i?co;B B{z okPNogsh pDk e/ pkekfJdk nkgDh ;oeko pDk bJh i' gzi ;kb sZe uZbh. fJ; Bkb w[be ftZu rqfj :[ZX P[o{ j' frnk, go UVQe B{z i?co;B jko frnk. T[; B{z d' ;kb dh ;Ik j'Jh. 1867 ftZu T[; B{z fojkn eo fdZsk frnk ns/ fJj 11 oki w[V nwohek ftZu Pkwb j'J/. go fdbu;g rZb fJj j? fe fe;/ th ftd/Ph ;oeko B/ i?co;B ;oeko B{z wkBsk BjhA fdZsh ;h.
fJZE/ fJj th u/s/ eotkfJnk iKdk j? fe nwohek d/ gfjb/ okPNogsh ikoi tkfPzrNB (1789^97) B/ g{oh tkj bkJh fe ;zftXkB ftZu fdZs/ eBc?vob YKu/ B{z c?vob YKu/ ftZu pdfbnk ikt/. T[; dh XkoBk ;h fe e/Ado e'b tZX s'A tZX skesK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB. fJj fJ;/ soQK jh j?, fit/A eKro; s/ Gkigk xZN iK tZX caoe Bkb e/Ado B{z j'o wIp{s s/ skBkPkj pDkT[D bJh ne;o jh ;zftXkB ftZu ;'X dh wzr eod/ ofjzd/ jB. go ikoi tkfPzrNB nkgD/ fJokfdnK ftZu ;cab BjhA ;B j' ;e/. e[M th j't/ nwohek B/ th nkyaoeko 11 dZyDh okiK dh eBc?vo/PB B{z tZy j'D dh fJikIs BjhA ;h fdZsh. j[D jkbs fJj j? fe Gkt/A nwohek dk YKuk ;jh o{g ftZu c?vob jh j? ns/ fJ; ftZu okiK B{z u'ya/ nfXeko th jB, go fco th ;fji/^;fji/ fJj w[be th e/AdoheoB tZb tX fojk j?.
e?B/vk dh fw;kb
j[D n;hA e?B/vk dh fw;kb b?Ad/ jK. fdbu;g rZb fJj j? fe fJZE/ eBc?vo/PB fJZe gqfefonk iK bfjo j? i' 1860ftnK ftZu T[ZGo e/ ;kjwD/ nkJh. fJ; ftZu e?B/vk d/ 4 okiK B/ 1867 JhH ftZu nkgD/ nkg B{z c?vob YKu/ ftZu pdb fbnk ns/ poskBhnk s'A tZy j' rJ/. e?B/vk B{z vo ;h fe fJZe sK nwohek T[BQK *s/ ekpI Bk j' ikt/ ns/ d{ik poskBhnk B{z j[D fJ; ekb'Bh ftZu yak; fdbu;gh th BjhA ;h ojh. go fco th fe;/ ftd/Ph skes B/ fJ; c?vo/PB B{z wkBsk BjhA fdZsh. T[AM gfjbh i[bkJh B{z e?B/vk iPB wBkT[Adk j?, feT[Afe fJ; fdB eBc?vo/PB dk iBw j'fJnk ;h.
;ftNIob?Av dh fw;kb
;ftNIob?Av dh fw;kb dk fIeo eoBk th Io{oh j?, feT[Afe fJjh fJZe nfijk w[be j?, i' nkgD/ nkg B{z ‘;ft; eBc?vo/PB* dk BK fdzdk j?. go id'A Y/o fuo gfjbK ;ftNIob?Av B/ bkshBh GkPk ftZu'A bJ/ Ppd Colfoederatio Healvetica B{z eBc?vo/PB dk BK fdZsk sK T[; ftZu T[; ;w/A :{og ftZu c?vo/PB s/ eBc?vo/PB ftZu e'Jh nzso BjhA ;h. go id'A 1847 ftZu ;ftNIob?Av ftZu xo'rh izr P[o{ j' rJh, fi; ftZu e[M e?E'fbe ;{fpnK (Cantons) B/ tZyo/ j'D dh e'fPP ehsh sK fco ;ftNIob?Av B/ nkgD/ nkg B{z c?vob YKu/ ftZu pdb fbnk. go fco th fJjh fJZe w[be j?, fiZE/ ;jh wknfBnK ftZu c?vob YKuk ezw eodk j? ns/ j/mK s'A b? e/ T[Zgo sZe iwj{ohns g{oh soQK nwb ftZu ekfJw j?.
p?bihnw dh fw;kb
p?bihnw ftZu nkozG *u ;koh skes e/Ado e'b ;h, go j"bh^j"bh fgSbh ;dh d/ 70ftnK d"okB fJj c?vob YKu/ ftZu spdhb j' rJh. go fdbu;g rZb fJj j? fe c?vob YKuk j'D d/ pkti{d th ;{fpnK B{z eBc?vo/PB tor/ nfXeko jk;b jB ns/ T[j pkjob/ d/PK Bkb ;zXhnK eoB ftZu th nkIkd jB. j[D fJ; w[be ftZu th nzd'bB uZb fojk j?, fi; ftZu w[be B{z fJZe fYZbh eBc?vo/PB (Looser Confederation) ftZu pdbD dhnK rZbK uZb ojhnK jB.
;kB{z fJj gsk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe c?vob YKu/ d/ nzdo th e/Ado s/ okiK ftZu ePweP uZbdh ofjzdh j?. eJh tko e'Jh oki j'oBK Bkb'A J/Bk wIp{s s/ PeshPkbh j[zdk j? fe T[; ftZu GkPkJh, B;b iK Xkofwe ekoBK eoe/ nZv j'D d/ M[ekn g?dk j' iKd/ jB. fJj' fijh jkbs ftZu rqfj :[ZX th fSV iKdk j?, fit/A nwohek ftZu 11 dZyDh okiK B/ prkts eoe/ nkgD/ nkg B{z nwohek s'A tZy eo fbnk ;h. wb/Phnk d/ wkwb/ ftZu B;bh sDkn ekoB f;zrkg[o B{z eBc?vo/PB ftZu'A eZY fdZsk frnk.
gqG{;zgzB oki dh gfoGkPk
id'A n;hA gqG{;zgzB oki (;ktoB ;N/N) dh rZb eod/ jK sK ‘w"ANhthvhU eBt?BPB* w[skpe T[; oki B{z gqG{;zgzB oki efjzd/ jB, fi; e'b 1) fBPfus jZdK j'D, 2) gZe/ s"o *s/ tZ;'A ofjzdh j't/, 3) pkekfJdk fJZe ;oeko j't/ ns/ 4) j'oBK w[beK Bkb T[; d/ ;pzX j'D iK ;pzX oZyD dh ;woZEk j't/. fiZE'A sZe gqG{;zgzB oki B{z wkBsk dk ;pzX j?, T[; pko/ ftdtkBK d/ ftuko tZyo/^tZyo/ jB. go fJj ftuko Gko{ j? fe fe;/ th ‘;N/N* B{z wkBsk dh Pos Io{oh j? sK jh T[j ;N/N nzsookPNoh ekB{zB dk fjZ;k pDdh j?. go nzsookPNoh ekB{zB fJj BjhA efjzdk fe i/eo fe;/ ;N/N B{z wkBsk BjhA sK T[; ;N/N dk ti{d th BjhA j' ;edk. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ ykfb;skB d/ ;woZEe fJj soe d/ ;ed/ jB fe Gkt/A i[Mko{ ;zxoP d"okB T[BQK B{z fe;/ th ftd/Ph skes B/ wkBsk BjhA ;h fdZsh sK th fJ; dk fJj wsbp BjhA fe ‘ykfb;skB ;N/N* dk ti{d jh BjhA j?. fJj ti{d fJ; bJh th j?, feT[Afe w"ANh thvhU eBt?BPB w[skpe T[j T[es uko/ PosK g{ohnK eod/ jB.
t?po (Weber) ;N/N d/ ti{d bJh fszB PosK g/P eodk j?^1) T[; e'b nkgDh fJZe jZd j't/, 2) fjz;k d/ ;kXBK okjhA ezNo'b eoB dh T[; e'b fJiko/dkoh j't/ ns/ 3) ekB{zB w[skpe iK t?;/ T[; B{z iZdh jZe jk;b j't', fi; B{z ikfJI ;kps ehsk ik ;e/. gqG{;zgzB oki pko/ fJZe j'o fdbu;g B[esk fJj j? fe ‘ibktsB ;oeko* th gqG{;zgzB oki nytk ;edh j? pPos/, ibktsB ;oeko dh Xosh *s/ fe;/ B/ epIk ehsk j'fJnk j?. d{ih ftPt izr d"okB eJh :{oghnB w[be fJj' fij/ ;B, fiZE/ BkIhnK B/ epIk ehsk j'fJnk ;h. go fco th ibktsB ;oekoK dk n?bkfJI (Allies-poskBhnk, coK;, o{;, fJNbh ns/ nwohek) Bkb fvgb'w?fNe ;pzX ;B. fJ;/ soQK ghHn?bHUH B{z eJh w[beK B/ wkBsk fdZsh j?. pkti{d fJ; d/ fe ghHn?bHUH dh ;oIwhB d/ e[M fjZf;nK *s/ fJIokfJb B/ epIk ehsk j'fJnk j?.
1764 JhH d/ B/V/^s/V/ db ykb;k fw;bK d/ ;odko iK w[yh ti'A T[ZGo e/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk, fi; ftZu nkX[fBe Ppdktbh nB[;ko efj ;ed/ jK fe db ykb;k fJZe ‘;N/N* ;h. idfe tZy^tZy fw;bK B/ nkgDh ;[szsosk d/ e[M fjZ;/ db ykb;k B{z ;"Ag/ j'J/ ;B. fJj YKuk e[M ftdtkBK nB[;ko fJZe fYZbh fijh eBc?vo/PB dk o{g fejk ik ;edk j?. go fJj eBc?vo/PB ewI'o th BjhA ;h, feT[Afe db ykb;k ns/ fw;bK nkgD/ nkg ftZu fJZe gkJ/dko, wIp{s ns/ ;dkukoe YKu/ ftZu pZMhnK rJhnK ;B, fi; ftZu nekb syas ;kfjp T[BQK ;GBK dk ;o;pI uPwk ;h. fJZe j'o gZSwh ftdtkB fJ; fe;w d/ YKu/ B{z ‘d';skBk w[be* efjzdk j? (d/y' fJB;kfJeb'ghvhnk nkca f;ZyfJIw tkfbT{w^3).
i[Mko{ bfjo
i[Mko{ bfjo (1984^94) d"okB gzEe ew/Nh ns/ i[Mko{ iE/pzdhnK th fi; YKu/ tZu pZMhnK j'JhnK ;B, T[; B{z fJZe soQK Bkb eBc?vo/PB dk BK fdZsk ik ;edk j?. go fJj gqpzX th ekcah ewI'o ;h, feT[Afe gzEe ew/Nh B/ nkgD/ nkg B{z fJZe m';, ;gPN ns/ gqGktPkbh Ppdktbh ns/ nwbK ftZu ed/ th gqGkPs BjhA ;h ehsk. gzEe ew/Nh s/ i[Mko{ iE/pzdhnK dofwnkB jZdK ns/ nfXeko g{oh soQK ;gPN BjhA ;B. eJh tko i[Mko{ iE/pzdhnK d/ nkr{ th gzEe ew/Nh d/ w?Apo j[zd/ ;B. ;wK gk e/ eJh gzEe ew/NhnK th ti{d ftZu nk rJhnK ;B, go fco th gzEe ew/Nh (vkL ;'jD f;zx) ;G s'A PeshPkbh, ekpbhns tkbh ns/ gqGktPkbh ;wMh iKdh ;h. go fco th n;hA c?;bke[B o{g ftZu fJBQK ;pzXK *s/ e'Jh Go';/:'r fNZgDh BjhA eo ;ed/, feT[Afe i[Mko{ bfjo fJZe fJj' fijh izr ;h, fi; ftZu i[Mko{ iE/pzdh dk ioB?b ed/^ed/ f;nk;sdkB th ;h ns/ ed/ izr d/ w?dkB ftZu ioB?b th ;h. pZpo ykb;k d/ w[yh GkJh ;[yd/t f;zx pZpo B/ fJZe w[bkeks d"okB w?B{z fJj fejk ;h fe n;hA id'A woIh ukjhJ/ nkgD/ B[wkfJzd/ gzEe ew/Nh ftZu'A tkg; b? ;ed/ jK ns/ fJj edw T[BQK B/ u[Zfenk th ;h, fi; s'A ;kps j[zdk j? fe n;b wknfBnK ftZu pZpo ykb;k jh ;G e[M ;h. fJj ;fEsh fJZe fj;kp Bkb fw;bK d/ T[bN ;h, fiZE/ db ykb;k fw;bK dh nrtkJh eodh ;h. go fJZE/ i[Mko{ bfjo ftZu eJh tko i[Mko{ iE/pzdhnK gzEe ew/Nh dh nrtkJh eodhnK ;h. go fco th n;hA c?;bke[B o{g ftZu fJBQK ;pzXK *s/ e'Jh Go';/:'r fNZgDh BjhA eo ;ed/.
‘;N/N* dk ti{d j[zdk j?<
okiBhse ;kfJz; d/ ftdtkBK ftZu fJj cb;ckBk pfj; uZbdh ofjzdh j? fe eh ‘;N/N* dk n;b ftZu ti{d j[zdk th j? iK fJj e'Jh ‘no{g* iK ‘nDfdZ;dk* ;zebg iK ;Zu jh j?< eh ‘;N/N* s/ ‘;oeko* ftZu e'Jh caoe j[zdk j?< eh ‘;N/N* e'Jh fJj' fijh uhI iK jehes j?, fi; B{z nZyK Bkb t/fynk BjhA ik ;edk, S'fjnk BjhA ik ;edk, ufyank BjhA ik ;edk< fJ; dk itkp ‘jK* ftZu, go fco th fJ; dk ‘ti{d* j[zdk j? fpbe[b T[;/ soQK fit/A ‘nfj;k;* iK ‘GktBktK* dk ti{d j[zdk j?. fJj ‘;N/N* jh j?, i' ‘;oeko* B{z pDkT[Adh j?, go fco th NkJhw n?Av ;g/; ftZu fJ; dh j'Ad BjhA ‘j[zdh* ns/ ‘j[zdh* th j?. nzsookPNoh ;pzXK d/ ftdtkB fJ; ;tkb *s/ d' fjZf;nK ftZu tzv/ j'J/ jB. ‘;N/N* ns/ ‘;oeko* ftZu caoe J/Bk e[ j[zdk j? fe fiZE/ ;oekoK nkT[AdhnK^iKdhnK jB, T[ZE/ ‘;N/N* dk ti{d ekfJw ofjzdk j?.
nekb syas ;kfjp eh j?<
fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ nekb syas ;kfjp eh j?< eh fJ; B{z ‘;N/N* fejk ik ;edk j?. fJZe fj;kp Bkb fJ; dk itkp fJZe ;gPN ‘jK* ftZu fdZsk ik ;edk j?< eh nekb syas ;kfjp dh fJwkos ‘;N/N* j?< fJ; dk itkp ;gPN ‘BKj* ftZu j?. i{B, 1984 ftZu Gkosh ca"i d/ jwb/ ns/ fJ; s'A gfjbK npdkbh ns/ j'oBK tZb'A ehs/ jwfbnK B/ nekb syas ;kfjp dh fJwkos B{z BPN Io{o ehsk, go nekb syas fJZe ‘;N/N* ti'A ekfJw w[ekw fojk. fJ; B{z spkj ehsk jh BjhA ik ;edk. fJj mhe j? fe fi; j;sh B{z spkj th BjhA ehsk ik ;edk i' fdZ;dh th BjhA, fi; B{z S{fjnk th BjhA ik ;edk, go fJj th ;Zu j? fe b'eK d/ fdbK ftZu fco th T[j j;sh fiT{Adh^ikrdh ns/ XVedh th j?. nekb syas d/ fJ;/ soQK d/ nb"fee ti{d B{z ‘;N/N* fejk ik ;edk j?. fJj ‘no{g* j?, go ;kvh ;w{fje :kd ftZu tf;nk j'fJnk j?. jfozdo f;zx wfjp{p tZb'A ‘fJbkjh Bdo d/ g?Av/* dh g[;se ftZu r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp d/ gq;zr ftZu nky/ fJj Ppd nekb syas pko/ th fJzB fpzB Y[ed/ jB, fi; ftZu nekb syas nzdo fdqPN (Xosh s/ n;wkB) ns/ nkfdqPN (wB ns/ n^wB) ns/ EK ns/ n^EK d'tK jehesK dh joes j?.
n;b ftZu d[Bhnk nzdo e/tb nekb syas jh fJZe nfijh ;N/N j? i' NkJhw s/ ;g/; s'A pkjo th j? ns/ nzdo th j?, idfe d[Bhnk ftZu j'o ;N/N; nfj;k; d/ o{g ftZu NkJhw n?Av ;g/; d/ nzdo jh ftuodhnK jB. S/t/A gksPkj B/ fJ; B{z nekb syas dk BK fdZsk ;h, fiZE/ ‘nekb* dk wsbp j? ;w/A s'A goQ/, idfe syas dk ti{d ;w/A d/ ftZu j?. fJBQK d'tK d/ ;[w/b dk wsbp fJj' jh j? fe fJj syas fJZe' ;w/A NkJhw n?Av ;g/; d/ nzdo th j? ns/ NkJhw n?Av ;g/; s'A pkjo th j?. fJj syas gktB s/ gftZso th fJ;/ bJh j?, feT[Afe fJj NkJhw s'A goQ/ j'D eoe/ ‘nekb* Bkb ;pzXs j?, idfe j'o ;N/NK NkJhw d/ x/o/ s'A pkjo BjhA jB. eh ykfb;skB d/ ;woEe fJj efj ;ed/ jB fe nekb syas T[BQK dh ‘;N/N* j't/rh. fJj fdbu;g ;tkb fJZe bzwh^v{zxh, pj[gosh ns/ pj[fdPkth pfj; dh wzr eodk j?, go ezwK^XzfdnK ftZu c;h ;kvh f;Zy e"w dh ;[Zeh ca;b ftZu ‘jfoU p{N* jh fJj' fijhnK wjkB pfj;K bJh jh w?dkB ftZu T[soBr/.
n;hA c?vo/PB d/ ;zebg B{z c?vo/PB ns/ gqG{;zgzB ;N/N dh o"PBh ftZu th d/yD dh e'fPP ehsh j?. j[D ;kB{z r[opkDh s/ f;Zy fJfsjk; dh o"PBh ftZu ns/ ;z;ko ftZu uZb ojhnK ;oekoK dh pDso pko/ ekfJw ehs/ ;zebg ns/ Bt/A o[MkBK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZy e/ eBc?vo/PB B{z fJZe w"fbe s/ fBZro ;o{g d/D dh b'V j?. fJ; fdPk ftZu T[BQK ;G iE/pzdhnK, ;z;EktK ns/ ftneshnK dh ;orow ns/ nekdfwe Pw{bhns dh b'V j? i' ;Zuhw[Zuh nekb syas ;kfjp *s/ Bsw;se j[zdhnK jB. feT[Afe eBc?vo/PB dk wsk nekb syas ;kfjp B/ gqtkB ehsk j?, fJ; bJh T[j th fJ; pko/ pfj; bJh e'Jh nkd/P ikoh eo ;ed/ jB iK ftdtkBK dh e"A;b iK ew/Nh pDk ;ed/ jB i' fJZe bzw/ ftuko^tNKdo/ fgZS'A fe;/ fBZro d;skt/I B{z fsnko eoB ns/ fco fJj d;skt/I nekb syas ;kfjp B{z ;"Ag fdZsh ikt/. fJ; ;pzXh n;K ;koh pfj; B{z ;zrsK ;kjwD/ y[ZbQk oZfynk j?. ;kvhnK T[whdK B/ ni/ dw BjhA s'fVnk.

gfjbh wJh, 1994 B{z nekb syas ;kfjp s'A ikoh j'fJnk
nzfwqs;o n?bkBBkwk

P'qwDh nekbh db iwj{ohns d/ dkfJfonK ftZu ofj e/ ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih *s/ nkXkos gzikph e"wh ;ZfGnkuko d/ w'joh j'D ti'A f;Zy e"w bJh fJZe nfij/ tZyo/ fyZs/ tk;s/ iZd'ifjd eoB d/ nkgD/ tuB d[jokT[Adk j?, fiZE/ T[j nkIkdh dk fBZx wkD ;eD. tzv s'A gfjbK eKro; B/ fJZe nfijk fyZsk pDkT[D dk tkndk ehsk ;h, go ni/ sZe fJj j'Ad ftZu BjhA nkfJnk, e/tb nfij/ fyZs/ d/ j'Ad ftZu nkT[D Bkb jh f;Zy e"w ns/ gzikphnK dhnK ohMK g{ohnK j' ;edhnK jB. nfijk fyZsk xZN frDshnK dhnK ;zGktBktK B{z w{oshwkB eoB ftZu ;jkJh j't/rk. fJfsjk; d/ fJ; w'V *s/ fJZe gk;/ i/ dZyD^g{oph J/Phnk p/u?B j? sK d{i/ gk;/ gZSwh e"wK th nkgDh sedho xVB bJh edoK ehwsK d/ Bt/A wkvb dh sbkP ftZu jB. fJj e"wK nkgD/ ftbZyD ;ZfGnkuko B{z Bt/A f;foUA ftT[AsD bJh th :sB eo ojhnK jB. nfijh jkbs ftZu ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih nzdo w"i{d pqfjwzvh J/esk ns/ fJe;[osk, ;ztkd, PkfJokBk soI^J/^fIzdrh, b[ZN^y;[ZN ofjs okiBhsh ns/ d{finK B{z nghb eoB tkbh wkVh fposh s'A w[es fyZsk, j'oBK ;ZfGnkukoK bJh th ukBD w[Bkok j't/rk. fJ; fyZs/ ftZu f;Zyh ihtB iku *s/ T[;ohnK ftbZyD Xkofwe, nkoEe, oki;h ns/ ;wkie ;z;EktK fJZe gk;/ w"fbe u/sBsk B{z ;keko eoBrhnK ns/ d{i/ gk;/ T[BQK B{z fJfsjk; ftZu fJZe nfijk w"ek gqdkB eoBrhnK i' fgSb/ ;w/A ftZu BjhA fwfbnk. nfijh gqkgsh Bkb f;Zyh ns/ gzikphns, ;z;ko ;ZfGnkuko B{z nkgD/ nzfsnzs ;[zdo gqrNkt/ okjhA r"otPhb :'rdkB d/ ;e/rh.
nekbh db dk fJj wZs j? fe fjzd[;skB tZy^tZy e"wh ;ZfGnkukoK dk fJZe T[g wjKdhg j?, fi; ftZu jo ;ZfGnkuko dh nkgDh fBt/ebh ftok;s ns/ fBt/ebh w[Zy Xkok j?. fJ; T[g wjKdhg B{z fJZe eBc?vob ftXkB okjhA Bt/A f;foUA ;zrms eoB dh b'V j? sK i' jo ;ZfGnkuko nkgDh gqfsGk ns/ nkGk nB[;ko gqc[fbs j't/ ns/ nkgDh ftP/P y[Pp{ ftPt ;ZfGnkuko d/ pkr B{z d/ ;e/. i/ fJ; soQK dk eBc?vob Bt^;zrms YKuk, fjzd';skBh j[ewokBK tZb'A gqtkB BjhA ehsk iKdk sK Pq'wDh nekbh db e'b fJZe gqG{;Zsk ;zgzB oki dh wzr eoB ns/ fJ; bJh iZd'ifjd eoB s'A fJbktk j'o e'Jh ukok BjhA ofj ikt/rk.

;jh^
nwfozdo f;zx, ird/t f;zx sbtzvh, f;woBihs f;zx wkB, i;w/o f;zx pkbk, ;[oihs f;zx poBkbk, wBihs f;zx.

j/m fbyhnK ;z;EktK ns/ iE/pzdhnK B{z nzfwqs;o n?bkBBkw/ pko/ nkgD/ ftuko d/D dh p/BshL^

1. P'qwDh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh
2. syasK d/ iE/dko ;kfjpkB
3. fdZbh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh
4. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ;NZvh ;oeb
5. fJz;NhfuT{N nkca f;Zy ;NZvhI
6. fJzNoB?PBb f;Zy eBc?vo/PB
7. ;[ywBh;/tk ;';kfJNh
8. fBjzr f;zx ;zgodktK
9. ;zs ;zgodktK
10. ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftGkr, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk
11. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx GtB, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh gfNnkbk
12. f;Zy fwPBoh ekbi, b[fXnkDk
13. f;Zy fwPBoh ekbi, u"Ask GfbnkD
14. uhca \kb;k dhtkB, nzfwqs;o
15. gzikp dhnK :{Bhtof;NhnK d/ fJfsjk; ftGkr d/ w[yh ns/ ;kpek w[yh
16. r[o{ BkBe ;NZvhI, r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh, nzfwqs;o
17. Pq'wDh ew/Nh d/ swkw w?Apo ns/ ;kpek w?Apo
18. ykb;k ekbiK d/ fgqz;hgb
19. g'bhNheb ;kfJz; ftGkrK d/ f;Zy gq'c?;o
20. w?rIhBK d/ ;zgkde
21. ;zgodkfJe iE/pzdhnK
22. ;kv/ nekbh db
23. n?thBk r[od[nkok, ghH;hH
24. f;Zy cko i;fN;
25. fJB;kca
26. GkJh r[odk; fJz;NhfuT{N, nkBzdg[o ;kfjp
27. dwdwh Ne;kb